The Issue Of Adult Courts And Prisons - 1632 Words

As the world advances, so do the expectations for teens to not only do well, but also excel in both academics and life. However, teens are constantly pressured to perform at even higher standards, in hopes that they might guarantee a spot in the workforce. Because of this, it is no wonder that the well being of teens’ mental health has become an issue in which suicides now account for a third of teen deaths. These children need help, which only society can provide; yet instead of heeding their cries for help, society subjects these children to the hardships of prisons. The sad truth is that the majority of juvenile cases are sent to adult courts and prisons, but we must consider the mental capacity and stability, along with external†¦show more content†¦In addition, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has reported that there are now even younger children who are tried as adults. In their report, they specify that in most states children as young as 13 or 14 years old are tried as adults for their crimes. Not to mention, in Kansas and Vermont, children as young as 10 years old are and can be tried as adults (OJJDP). This means even though they are children, they can receive a life sentence without even a chance of parole. How can these children own up to their mistakes by spending the rest of their lives locked up? How are they expected to even comprehend the consequences of their mistakes? Even worse, it was not until 2005 that the Supreme Court banned the execution of juveniles ruling that â€Å"death by execution is unconstitutional for juveniles† (Justices Abolish Death Penalty for Juveniles). Simply, for over two hundred years in the existence of the United States, it was constitutional to execute children. Since the birth of the United States there have been over three hundred and sixty five children executed for their crimes (â€Å"Death in Prison Sentences for Children†). It is not right that a childâ⠂¬â„¢s future can be taken away because of one’s own mistake at such a young age. As a nation, we need to care for the young and help them integrate into society because their future is our future. Placing youths into adult prison can haveShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Crimes Face Harsh Punishments899 Words   |  4 Pagesjudicial system prosecutes juveniles. Although there is a juvenile court system in place to try youth offenders, the way it is being implemented is different between each state. In addition, some states even go further and try youth offenders, depending on the crime they committed, in an adult criminal court. In recent years, juvenile crimes face harsh punishments in the US, and the number of juvenile offenders sent to youth courts is decreasing, based on the data (â€Å"The Sentencing Project – JuvenileRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of The Juvenile Justice System1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe juvenile justice system has grown and changed substantially since 1899, when the nation’s first juvenile court was established in Illinois. Originally, the court process was informal often nothing more than a conversation between the youth and the judge and the defendant lacked legal representation. To replace confinement in jails with adults, the early juvenile courts created a probation system and used a separate service delivery system to provide minors with supervision, guidance, and educationRead MoreThe Effects Of Charging Juveniles Of Adults1689 Words   |  7 Pagesconvicted of felony murder and thus sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole. Now why was this sentence so controversial? Because Lionel Tate was only twelve years old at the time of the murder. How do we determine mental competence of someone whose brain is still developing? How could someone who has not even finished puberty possibly understand the sever implications of such a brutal crime? How can we possibly try a juvenile as an adult when juveniles are proven to have diminished impulseRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreCriminal Justice And The Juvenile Justice System1689 Words   |  7 Pagesand more throughout history by changing something as simple as law enforcement officer’s purpose and who they are taking orders from. The objective of this analysis is to break down these three criminal justice subjects: the juvenile justice system, prison life and the different policing eras. Juveniles has an extensive background of violent crimes throughout history. Ever since the 1990s crime rates for youth has decreased in some way compared to the late 18th century and early 19th century. TheseRead MoreEssay on Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults1503 Words   |  7 PagesHolden 5 Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? Juveniles deserve to be tried the same as adults when they commit certain crimes. The justice systems of America are becoming completely unjust and easy to break through. Juvenile courts haven’t always been known to the everyday person. The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 was the first juvenile court established in the United States (Locked Up†¦). The juvenile court was created to handle the offenders on the basis on their rather than their crimeRead MoreJuvenile Crime Law Is A Subcategory Of Juvenile Law937 Words   |  4 Pagesjuvenile crime law only deals with under-age individuals, who are treated very differently than adults in criminal law, and usually have their own courts of law (Juvenile Criminal Law, n.d.). When it comes to crime, kids usually go through a different process than adults. But they still have to face consequences (Juvenile Crimes Juvenile Justice - Nolo.com, n.d.). Juvenile Criminal Law is a relevant issue in today’s juvenile criminal Justice system. A growing number of states are re-examining andRead MoreJuveniles And The Juvenile Justice System1559 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles committing crimes is not a new issued being introduced to society; actually, it has been an issue for centuries. However, the big question is, should juveniles be tried in adult courts? Before answering, take into consideration every possible scenario that could have led them to commit the crime. For instance, were they the leader in the act? Did they participate in the crime? Was the juvenile even aware of what was taking place? Were they peer pressured? Did they have any other choiceRead MoreJuvenile Prison Is the Best Way of Reforming Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile System has been around for a long time. The primary reason behind separating Juvenile from adult criminals is quite simple; the judicial system believes that the children are less culpable for their irresponsive behavior and they could easily be reformed as compared to adult offenders. The crucial role of the judicial system is to critically investigate, diagnose, and recommend treatments for the Juveniles rather than accrediting them. However, because of the increasing number of juvenileRead MoreEssay on Juveniles in Adult Prisons1612 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles in Adult Prisons A deep look into juveniles in adult prisons. Touch bases on several smaller issues that contribute to juveniles being in and effects of adult prisons. The United States Bureau of Prisons handles two hundred and thirty-nine juveniles and their average age is seventeen. Execution of juveniles, The United States is one of only six countries to execute juveniles. There are sixty-eight juveniles sitting on death row for crimes committed as juveniles. Forty-three of

Tattoos As A Form Of Decoration And Communication

There is a long list of cultures that utilised tattoos as a form of decoration and communication (Swami, 2011). That said, within some western societies, that historical connection to the tattoo is not that strong. However the art of tattooing has seen a steady growth of its popularity and acceptance, and since the early 1990s, that growth has accelerated dramatically (Caplan, 2000; Cash, 2011; DeMello, 2000; Swami, 2011). The current estimated incidence of tattooing amongst the populations of North America and Europe is approximately 25 percent (Laumann Derick, 2006; Swami, 2011), with one researcher suggesting those rates could continue to increase to as much as 40 percent of the population (Anderson, 2006). Tattoos are no longer†¦show more content†¦However, although tattoos are progressively seen as a prosocial rational method of communicating ones identity to others within their societal group and the wider society (Atkinson, 2003), research (e.g. Mun, Janigo Johnson, 2012) is consistently highlighting the possibility that obtaining an tattoo can lead to changes in how tattoo wearers view themselves and their behaviour. Individuals with tattoos transform their skin in to a social billboard, expressing both explicit and implicit aspects of their identity (Atkinson, 2003), using or acquiring tattoos to communicate known attributes about themselves (Livesley Bromley, 1973) or attributes that they do not possess but have a desire (Schouten McAlexander, 1995). For example, riders of Harley Davidson motorcycles may view that brand’s attributes as consistent with their own (actual self) and therefore an individual may decide to acquire a tattoo which is linked to that brand (Schouten McAlexander, 1995). On the other hand, an individual may aspire to be a Harley rider or aspire to link oneself to the traits of the Harley brand, and therefore an individual may obtain a Harley based tattoo to communicate an attribute of their ideal self (Schouten McAlexander, 1995). Mun, Janigo and Johnson (2012) take that idea one step further by suggesting the only reason individuals desire specific tattoos is because

Product Liability Theories of Recovery and Defenses Free Essays

Product Liability Theories of Recovery and Defense In my opinion Wood would most likely win the law suit against either the peanut or the jar manufacturer on the basis of strict liability or negligence, which allows a person injured by an unreasonably dangerous product to recover damages from the manufacturer or seller of the product even in the absence of a contract or negligent conduct on the part of the manufacturer or seller (Bagley, 2013). Therefore, Wood should recover damages even if the seller exercised all possible care in the manufacture and sale of the product, because the defect in the product is the basis for liability (Bagley, 2013). Negligence claims could also be used in the attempt of recovery for damages, because there should have been practices put in place to ensure product safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Liability Theories of Recovery and Defenses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Negligence is considered any conduct that involves an unreasonably great risk of causing injury to another person or damage to property that requires all people to take appropriate care in any given situation (Bagley, 2013). Although it may not have been an intentional act of negligence the manufacturer had a duty to make sure that the products that they produce are safe for consumer use. The manufacturer should have taken reasonable measures to conduct product safety tests to determine the safety of the product before distributing it. I feel that extra precautions and tests should be done to ensure safety when manufacturing any products that will be used in food production or storage to make sure that there are no product defects. There are defenses that the manufacturers can use, which include showing that there is no basis for the claim based on product liability, the use of comparative negligence and liability, and unforeseeability of intentional injury using state of the art defense or preemption defense (Bagley, 2013). The state of the art defense shields a manufacturer from liability for a defective design if no safer product design is generally recognized as being possible (Bagley, 2013). The defense can state that there is no basis for the claim using state of the art defense, because the defendant should have been more cautious when closing the jar and should have used the same methods as he had used previously each time he had closed the jar, which could have prevented his injury on the basis that the safest design was used. Comparative negligence is also known as comparative fault, which can reduce the plaintiff ‘s damages depending on the degree to which his or her own negligence contributed to the injury (Bagley, 2013). Preemption defense is used in cases of product liability, because there are certain federal laws and regulations that set minimum safety standards are held to preempt state-law product liability claims, therefore this defense is used as an attempt to eliminate the possibility of state-law product liability claims in any sphere governed by federal safety law and regulation (Bagley, 2013). Ultimately it is the responsibility of the manufacturer, because manufactures are held strictly liable for its defective products regardless of how remote the manufacturer is from the final user of the product even when the distributor makes final inspections, corrections, and adjustments of the product (Bagley, 2013). Reference Bagley, C. (2013). Managers and the Legal Environment: Strategies for the 21st (7th ed). South-Western. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu/books/9781285404837/id. How to cite Product Liability Theories of Recovery and Defenses, Essay examples

Frequency Spread Spectrum The Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Frequency Spread Spectrum The Management? Answer: Introducation While wired communication may have the benefit of solid mediums to perform its operations, wireless communication uses a versatile and dynamic medium to transfer information. This medium is filled with many elements and conditions that change abruptly which necessitates the need to improve the performance of the signals being transmitted. FHSS will improve the quality of the signals by minimizing signal interference and fading through hopping technique that carries information from one signal band to another [1]. Now, to understand the operation of this technique its important to highlight the entire concept of spread spectrum. In general, there are two main types of spread spectrum; FHSS and DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum). In both instances, the communication bandwidth i.e. the transmission signal is enlarged as compared to the bandwidth of the transmitted signal (original message). This variation accommodates the limitations of wireless communication particularly in the sho rt range application improving the quality of the signals [2]. FHSS as a component of spread spectrum will further its course by utilizing the frequencies of communication and randomly selected chipping codes. In essence, unique codes are used to generate spread chips that assign the transmitted signals carrier frequencies [1]. Through this operational procedure, the FHSS can be combined with modulation schemes to convert digital signals to analogue signals, an added advantage of the technique. However, while these operations take place, the communication process must ensure that the hops do not interfere with each other as they would cancel the entire process. Again, this process is accomplished using adaptive FH techniques that avoid signal collision and congestion during the hopping sequences. Literature review Many researchers and scholars who study spread spectrum techniques compare them to narrow band techniques, where the difference in the signal spectrum orientation is highlighted including the advantages of the methods. Now, while narrow band mobile communication may be efficient to use due to its operational structure that assigns users (subscribers) fractions of the communication channel, its allocation process is prone to many challenges. For one, the allocation process requires a well-coordinated process to assign the available frequencies to the different subscribers. Furthermore, having assigned the resources, the system must be aware of the drawbacks of jamming and interception of data more so, through eavesdropping techniques [3]. While there are many solutions to these problems, they can all be eliminated by the technique described above where the bandwidth is spread to fulfil the needs of the subscribers. FHSS like any other spread spectrum technique will increase the dimensional attributes of communication signals thus minimize the incidences of eavesdropping and any other form of interference. Furthermore, through the chipping codes that facilitate the hops of the carrier frequencies the transferred information is only distinguishable to the verified members. These operational conveniences have led to the application of the technique in modern wireless infrastructures such as WLAN (wireless local area networks) and Bluetooth communication. In all, when using FHSS, the following advantages are experienced: Minimal narrowband interferences. To understand the FHSS operation, we have to consider the Capacity formula as put forward by Shannon and Hartley [5]. In their theorem; C = B Log 2(1+S/N). Here, the C is the data in bits per seconds while the B highlights our required bandwidth. Therefore, for maximum information transmission, the value of B (BW) must be high to accommodate the data quota. Now, shifting back to FHSS, a carrier signal (encapsulates the message) moving from one frequency channel to another over a specific period of time. Moreover, the carrier frequency is accorded a wide range of frequencies (band) which maximizes the operational bandwidth hence improving the quality of the communication signals and also reduces the limitations (interferences and jamming) [5]. Now, during the hop activity, the data session or signal will remain in a given frequency channel for a specific period of time, which helps to maintain a consistent level of operation. According to the IEEE standards, this value should be 300 ms and is set as so in order to synchronize the operations of both the transmitter and receiver. In addition to this, the pattern of helthcare is dictated by a spreading code that is developed by a pseudo-random generating program. This program or generator is again synchronized between the transmitter and receiver in order to demodulate the signal at the reception stage. Therefore, when all is said and done, the transmitter and receiver must have a one to one synchronization for them to communicate [2]. A common feature or attribute that distinguishes FHSS from DSSS is the signal output given by the technique, instead of the envelope shaped signal (Sin X)/X)2 a flat output is given over the different frequencies used. Furthermore, size of the hopping bandwidth is usually N-times the total number of slots (frequency bands) available, where N is the bandwidth of each slot [6]. Identified by the IEEE 802.11 standard Operates within the 2.4 GHz band while having 79 frequencies (2.402 2.480GHz). Each of the frequencies outlined above is modulated (FSK) with a width of 1MHz[7]. FHSS Modulatio After highlighting the general operation method, its time to outline the modulation process used i.e. the transmission of the signal from a common FSHH transceiver. First, any signal interval can be chosen to highlight the process occupying one or even more frequency slots. Moreover, the frequency slot occupation is designated by the code generator which is usually a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence. Now, the most commonly used modulation method is usually M-ary FSK (frequency shift keying) and QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation). Therefore, the FSK is used to generate a signal at the start of transmission, with the output signalling the start of the modulation process. After, the FSK signal is converted into a frequency that is then synthesized with the frequency synthesizer. The resultant frequency is then combined with the overall output of the modulator forming a frequency-translated communication signal. This is the final product of the modulation process and is the signal transmitt ed over the channel [8]. NB: Note that, the PN generator produces N bits which are usually used to make the final 2N-1 frequency translations. Furthermore, the modulated signal is then transmitted using an AWGN (Additive white Gaussian noise) channel FHSS Demodulation (receiver section) In the receiver section of the transceiver, a similar PN generator is used to match the code used at the modulation stage. Furthermore, the generator at this end is synchronized with that of the input in order to match the operational frequency and slots used [9]. Moreover, its operation (PN generator) is also synchronized with the received signal so as to control the outcome of the resulting frequency synthesizer. Therefore, all the operations conducted at the transmitter are removed at this section, first, pseudorandom frequency conversion introduced is removed by mixing the product of the synthesizer with that of the received signal. Thereafter, the resulting product is demodulated using an M-FSK demodulator that matches the one at the transmitter [2]. NB: To maintain a synchronized operation, a signal or matching method is required between the PN generator and the frequency translated signal. This matching is usually done by the received signal as it dictates the terms of operation for it is the subject of the demodulation process. Furthermore, the improvements in FHSS operation and QAM as supported by Viterbi decoders which decrease the overall bit error rate [10]. FHSS Application As outlined before, FHSS offer improved signal performance as compared to narrow band technologies. This outcome makes its suitable for applications that use its corresponding operational frequency as highlighted in the figure above. Therefore, its mostly used for applications that require the operational frequencies of 2.4GHz and 3G. These applications are common among the military whose operations not only requires efficient systems bust also the utmost security. Now, both of these conditions are met by FHSS, where security is implemented using cryptographic structures and algorithms that generate unique chipping codes which are shared amongst the communicating parties. Moreover, FHSS is also used in wireless area networks (WLAN) where again it operates using the 97 frequency channels identified before. Now, in WLAN, it follows the operational band between 2.40 GHz and 2.480 GHz as highlighted in the figure above [11]. FHSS is also used in the modern digital systems, more so in the global positioning systems that outline objects positions. In all, the overall GPS system consists of several sections i.e. control unit, space unit and the user unit. Now, all these units exist independently and will use wireless communication to connect with each other which is where FHSS comes in hand offering its quality networking procedures. Moreover, FHSS is also used in other forms of wireless communication mostly because of its modulation process [12]. Finally, FHSS is also used in Bluetooth technologies. IV New Finding Optimized matched frequency hopping (OMFH) and optimized advanced frequency hopping (OAFH) are considered in this section. Now, traditional FHSS will just divide the overall communication band and spread the signal across them (hopping sequences). Moreover, the random pseudo code is used to deliver the allocation, however, this operational method is sometimes inefficient which has led to the new developments highlighted above. In essence, the overall performance of FHSS is improved by fading the frequency selection process and by use of adaptive frequency band jamming [13]. This outcome is accomplished by optimizing the control factors through matching hops and advanced frequency matching which improves the overall signal throughput. OMFH: In this technique, the regulation parameters of the FHSS are optimized and in this case, the only available factor is usually the sub-band frequencies for the hops. In essence, as one increases the number of sub-bands (hops) the signal interference decreases. In fact, an optimal operation is achieved when the sub-band frequencies are greater than 7 [14]. OAFH: Similarly, the regulation of FHSS parameters in done in this case, however, unlike the previous technique the respective sub-band frequencies are also regulated and optimized. Again, several sub-band are chosen but now each sub-band is regulated and optimized to increase the individual throughput which enhances the performance of FHSS beyond that of OFMH [15]. Conclusion From the analysis given in this report, FHSS has been outlined as a modulation technique that spread the communication spectrum based on the operational frequency. In all, in the technique, a number of sub-band frequencies are selected randomly using pseudorandom generators (PN) which designate the path for the transferred signals. After identifying the sub-frequencies, the signals are then hopped from one band to another which increases the operation bandwidth hence minimizing the limitation of wireless communication. Furthermore, the hops are strictly monitored based on a specific time interval, an outcome that makes the transiting signal immune to noises, distortions, jamming and interceptions. In addition to this, the presence of the chipping code generator (PN) makes the FHSS technique secure as it can be deployed using cryptographic parameters which can only be known by the communicating parties. Again, these operational conveniences make FHSS suitable for applications that req uire secure systems such as those of the military as identified above. References Badiger, M. Nagaraja and M. Kurian, "management Development of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum transmitter," IRD India, p. Available: https://www.irdindia.in/journal_ijeecs/pdf/vol2_iss4/5.pdf., Badiger, M. Nagaraja, M. Kurian and I. Rasheed, "Analysis, Design and Testing of Frequency Analysis, Hopping Spread Spectrum Transceiver Model Using MATLAB Simulink," International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, pp. Available: https://www.rroij.com/open-access/analysis-design-and-testing-of-frequencyhopping-spread-spectrum-transceiver-modelusing-matlab--simulink.php?aid=42160, 2 Motlagh, "Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum: An Effective Way to Improve Wireless Communication Performance," Department of Information Technology, Vaasa University of Applied Sciences, pp. Available: https://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-trends-in-wireless-communications/frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum-an-effective-way-to-improve-wireless-communication-performance Vembu and S. Navaneethan, "Security Enhancement of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Based On Oqpsk Technique," IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), pp. Available: https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jece/papers/Conf.15011/Volume%201/iosr%2010-62-70.pd David, K. Shama and K. Nayak, "Improved Performance Evaluation of Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum using QAM/FSK Modulation Techniques," International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887), p. Available: https://eprints.manipal.edu/76369/1/ijca.pdf., 2012 Integrated, "An Introduction to Spread-Spectrum Communications," Tutorial 1890, pp. Available: https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/1890, 2017 Schwartz, "Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) vs. DSSS vs. BWA and WLAN," FHSS vs. DSSS, pp. Available: https://sorin-schwartz.com/white_papers/fhvsds.pdf., 2016 Torvmark, "Frequency Hopping Systems," Application NoteAN014, p. accounting: https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/swra077., 2 Seth and V. Shrimal, "Performance Improvement of Frequency hopped spread spectrum Using coherent noncoherent M-ary frequency shift keying," International Journal of Modern Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJMECE), p. Available: ijmece.org/current_issue/IJMECE130502.pdf, 2013. Meena1 and M. Kuntal, "Performance Analysis of BER with FHSS System," IJLTEMAS, pp. Available: https://www.ijltemas.in/DigitalLibrary/Vol.2Issue5/29-35.pdf., 2013 Hasan, J. Thakur and P. Podder, "Design and Implementation of FHSS and DSSS for Secure Data Transmission," International Journal of Signal Processing Systems, p. Available: https://www.ijsps.com/uploadfile/2015/0915/20150915101611816.pdf., 201 Mathur, "Wireless Technology Is Ready For Industrial Use," pp. Available: https://www.miinet.coFHSS Modulatioroved Jamming-Resistant business Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems," A thesis, pp. Available: https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/3ca5b480-565a-4721-8199-2339ad2af5df/etd_pdf/a661b46493258918a040b402f54e24e5/atta-improvedjammingresistantfrequencyhoppingspread.pdf., 2014 Burke, C. Hume and J. Meza, "Spread Spectrum jamming," CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY, p. Available: https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwi74LaJ457WAhWIDsAKHSeFBZYQFgg1MAMurl=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.calpoly.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1234%26context%3Deespusg=AFQjCNE_apTBCP, 2013. Atta, "ADVANCED FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES FOR INTERFERENCE LIMITED FADING WIRELESS CHANNELS," Research gate, p. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315757724_ADVANCED_FREQUENCY_HOPPING_SPREAD_SPECTRUM_TECHNIQUES_FOR_INTERFERENCE_LIMITED_FADING_WIRELESS_CHANNELS?channel=doilinkId=58e2735f92851c369550d5e9showFulltext=true, 2009